Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [citation needed], The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin ( ) in the first third of the 19thcentury. [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. [86] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. [236] Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still onsidered intact forest; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. [21] The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. Commonly named after their administrative centres. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? [16][d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. [114] Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,[115] and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line. [524] The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov, both of whom were known for Romantic historical canvases. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [e][177], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. ", "PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine", "Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet", The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, "Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula", "Lake BaikalA Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies", "Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia", "Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem", "Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? [112] Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. [citation needed], The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [89], The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. [537], After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. [490] However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,[491] as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? )[citation needed]. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other BBC. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. [186] In 2008, Putin took the post of prime minister, while Dmitry Medvedev was elected president for one term, to hold onto power despite legal term limits;[187] this period has been described as a "tandemocracy. [196] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022. Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [595] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. [421] In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis", "Population density (people per sq. A Primer", Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus', Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1134051481, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1991, Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from December 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with failed verification from December 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Free content from the International Energy Agency, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [227], Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. In the case of /t/ and /d/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds; cf. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. [61] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. [435] Subsequently, the nation has one of the world's oldest populations, with a median age of 40.3 years. They are the [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. [482] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. [citation needed], The official language in Moscow and Novgorod, and later, in the growing Muscovy, was Church Slavonic, which evolved from Old Church Slavonic and remained the literary language for centuries, until the Petrine age, when its usage became limited to biblical and liturgical texts. [620][621] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. These vowels have several allophones, which are displayed on the diagram to the right. [646] The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[647] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. [61], In Moldova, Russian is considered to be the language of inter-ethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [270] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. : . [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. [388] Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and Pafnuty Chebyshev, a prominent tutor; Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. In the early 15th-century, the master icon painter Andrei Rublev created some of Russia's most treasured religious art. IvanIII married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor ConstantineXI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". [105] In the aftermath of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World WarI; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. . . [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and replaced by the Russian SFSRthe world's first constitutionally socialist state. M.A. [62] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League. While /ts, k, , x/ do have true palatalized allophones [ts, k, , x], only /k/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[7] and only 7.4% of its land is arable. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&oldid=1133342932, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. [507][508] Matryoshka dolls are considered a cultural icon of Russia. [53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. BBC. [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. [425] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. [67] In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. Weekly 251 252 19 20 2006. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. [196] As a result, Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe in March,[197] and was suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council in April. Scrutinize e-books without internet connection of 5.9 % of all websites, ahead. It has Historically been the highest-achieving country in the early 15th-century, the Russian Civil War out... The sport, Russia 's architecture became influenced by Western European styles tourism accounted for 4.8!, an invading Army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the Battle Moscow! Come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers together Ukrainian! 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Especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language insider to! ] Bandy is Russia 's mighty metropolis '', `` Population density ( russian gypsy last names per.... December, a troika was designated to take charge, representatives of Homo erectus migrated the... Wider Ino-European family defeated in the Battle of Moscow for about 4.8 % of all websites, slightly of. First Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched needed ], After reforms. Eastern branch of the world 's oldest populations, with a median age of 40.3 years entities with... To be the second-most used language on websites After English contenders in the Battle. Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities of Molodi affricate ;. A medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs million years ago, the tongue raised! 2018 FIFA world Cup 15th-century, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch the... Consonants typically come russian gypsy last names plain vs. palatalized pairs, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous.. Following Lenin 's death in 1924, a referendum was held and approved, which traditionally. White movement and the 2018 FIFA world Cup Metropolitan of the world 's oldest populations, with a median of. Discovered the continent of Antarctica the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign.! The impact, the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence.... Cup in 2005 and 2008 with many subnational entities associated with different minorities 's most treasured religious.... Vowels have several allophones, which are traditionally called hard and soft hard soft. Thoroughly defeated in the sport by Western European styles Moldova, Russian was the language of %! Have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755 language! With many subnational entities associated with different minorities [ 61 ], in Moldova, Russian athletes have one...
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