[151], Stephen's wife Matilda played a critical part in keeping the King's cause alive during his captivity. Huscroft, pp. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. [78] In 1136, Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. [119] The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. [162], The war between the two sides in England reached a stalemate in the mid-1140s, while Geoffrey of Anjou consolidated his hold on power in Normandy. Barlow, pp. Three hundred passengers embarked on the White Ship to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England, including the heir to the throne, William Adelin, and many other senior nobles. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup. The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. Le Patourel, John (1973) "What did not happen in Stephen's reign?". The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. [217] The armies of Stephen and Henry FitzEmpress met again at Winchester, where the two leaders would ratify the terms of a permanent peace in November. [203], Nonetheless, the pressure on Stephen to get Eustace confirmed as his legitimate heir continued to grow. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. The nature of Henry's administration and the links between England and Normandy have been hotly debated by historians. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. [114][nb 15], The Angevin invasion finally arrived in 1139. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. [108], Stephen took steps to remove a group of bishops he regarded as a threat to his rule. [160] In September, he spotted an opportunity to seize the Empress Matilda herself in Oxford. [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Crouch (2008b), pp. [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. (1994) "The Castles of the Anarchy," in King, Edmund. [81] Stephen was less successful, however, in regaining the Argentan province along the Normandy and Anjou border, which Geoffrey had taken at the end of 1135. [89] Stephen was also rapidly running out of money: Henry's considerable treasury had been emptied by 1138 due to the costs of running Stephen's more lavish court and the need to raise and maintain his mercenary armies fighting in England and Normandy. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Henry asserted the Church's right to investigate and judge all charges against members of the clergy. [14] Henry fought his next military campaign in Normandy, from 1111 onwards, where rebels led by Robert of Bellme were opposing his rule. [29] At the same time, tensions continued to grow as a result of Henry's domestic policies, in particular the high level of revenue he was raising to pay for his various wars. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. [200] Bernard then convinced Pope Eugene III to overturn Henry's decision altogether in 1147, deposing William, and appointing Henry Murdac as archbishop instead. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. 5455. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [159] Louis VII recognised him as Duke of Normandy shortly after. [142] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. Geoffrey of Anjou invaded in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. [185][nb 21] Many of the barons were making individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains. (2002) "From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism," in, Gillingham, John. Stephen created many more, filling them with men he considered to be loyal, capable military commanders, and in the more vulnerable parts of the country assigning them new lands and additional executive powers. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. [187] Geoffrey and Matilda's son, the future King Henry II of England, mounted a small mercenary invasion of England in 1147 but the expedition failed, not least because Henry lacked the funds to pay his men. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. From stephanos. [152] Henry's alliance with the Empress proved short-lived, as they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the bishop met the Queen at Guildford and transferred his support to her. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [211] The fall of Wallingford appeared imminent and Henry marched south in an attempt to relieve the siege, arriving with a small army and placing Stephen's besieging forces under siege themselves. [173], After 1143 the war ground on, but progressing slightly better for Stephen. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. France in the Middle Ages 9871460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. [244] Stephen's lack of sound policy judgement and his mishandling of international affairs, leading to the loss of Normandy and his consequent inability to win the civil war in England, is also highlighted by another of his biographers, David Crouch. Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the next day. [100], Stephen's military campaign in England had progressed well, and historian David Crouch describes it as "a military achievement of the first rank". [128] Nigel hoped to seize East Anglia and established his base of operations in the Isle of Ely, then surrounded by protective fenland. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. William was probably intellectually disabled, and Adela instead had the counties pass to her second son, later also Count Theobald II of Champagne. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. [39] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . [16], With Henry's support, he rapidly began to accumulate lands and possessions. Weiler, Bjorn. The spelling as Common until the late 18th century. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in his account. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. [229] Stephen probably had three illegitimate sons, Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Ralph and Americ, by his mistress Damette; Gervase became abbot in 1138, but after his father's death he was removed by Henry in 1157 and died shortly afterwards. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. A. He also worked with space-time singularities. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. [124] Stephen started by attacking Wallingford Castle, held by the Empress's childhood friend Brien FitzCount, only to find it too well defended. King, Edmund. Carpenter, pp. King (2010), pp. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. Helmerichs, pp. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. 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